Al-Tuhfa al-Saniyyah bi Sharh al-Muqaddimah al-Ajurrumiyyah

Al-Tuhfa al-Saniyyah bi Sharh al-Muqaddimah al-Ajurrumiyyah

التحفة السنية بشرح المقدمة الآجرومية

by Muhammad Muhyi al-Din Abd al-Hamid (20th-century grammarian).

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Part 1

Introduction to the Study of Arabic Grammar (An-Nahw – النحو)

  • Overview of the importance of Arabic grammar in understanding the Qur’an and Sunnah.
  • Explanation of the book “Al-Ajrumiyyah” and its commentary, “Al-Tuhfa al-Saniyyah.”

The Six Essentials of Knowledge in Any Discipline (As-Sittah – الستة)

  • Definition (تعريف), subject (موضوع), purpose (ثمرة), relationship (نسبة), founder (واضع), and legal ruling (حكم الشرعي) of the science of Arabic grammar.

The Linguistic and Technical Definitions of An-Nahw (النحو)

  • Etymological roots of the term “Nahw” and its various meanings in Arabic.
  • Technical definition of grammar as the science of sentence structure and word endings.

Significance of Arabic Grammar in Islamic Sciences

  • Role of Nahw in safeguarding the language of the Qur’an and Sunnah.
  • Its classification as a communal obligation (Fard Kifayah – فرض كفاية).

The Foundation of Arabic Grammar (Usul an-Nahw – أصول النحو)

  • Historical origins of Nahw attributed to Abu Al-Aswad Ad-Du’ali under the guidance of Amir al-Mu’mineen Ali (رضي الله عنه).
  • The methodology of deriving grammatical rules from the speech of Arabs.

Definition of Speech (Al-Kalam – الكلام) in Grammar

  • Four essential elements of speech: articulation (اللفظ), structure (المركب), meaning (المفيد), and usage in Arabic (الوضع العربي).

Key Concepts in Speech

  • Explanation of complete sentences and the significance of intent in the formation of meaningful expressions.
  • Differentiation between valid speech (Al-Kalam – الكلام) and incomplete statements.

The Practical Benefit of Studying Arabic Grammar

  • Avoiding errors in Arabic communication.
  • Enhancing the understanding of the Qur’an and Hadith.

Exercises and Application

  • Practical assignments to apply learned concepts.
  • Reflection on grammatical rules through classical examples.

Conclusion: The Pursuit of Knowledge (Talab al-Ilm – طلب العلم)

  • Encouragement to continue learning Arabic grammar for the sake of understanding Islamic texts.
  • The importance of sincerity and diligence in the path of knowledge.

Part 2

Definition of Speech in Grammar (تعريف الكلام)

  • Explanation of الكلام [al-kalam]: Composed, meaningful, and deliberate speech.
  • Key components: Detailed breakdown of the four parts of its definition.

Types of Speech (أنواع الكلام)

  • Three categories:
    • اسم [Ism]: Noun, defined as words with independent meanings unrelated to time.
    • فعل [Fi’l]: Verb, tied to a specific time frame (past, present, or command).
    • حرف [Harf]: Particle, dependent on additional context for meaning.

Characteristics and Subcategories of Nouns (خصائص الأسماء)

  • Subtypes:
    • مظهر [Mudhar]: Apparent nouns, clear in meaning (e.g., Khalid, apple).
    • مضمر [Mudmar]: Pronouns, requiring context (e.g., أنا [Ana], I).
    • مبهم [Mubham]: Ambiguous nouns, clarified by pointing (e.g., هذا [Hatha], this).
  • Examples to increase vocabulary: Everyday items and names.

Verbs and Their Forms (الأفعال وأشكالها)

  • Three types of verbs:
    • Past (ماض) [Madin]: Referring to completed actions (e.g., كتب [Kataba], wrote).
    • Present (مضارع) [Mudari’]: Actions happening now or later (e.g., يكتب [Yaktubu], writes).
    • Command (أمر) [Amr]: Requests or directives (e.g., اكتب [Uktub], write).
  • Key Concepts: Tied to time, actions, and states.

Definition and Function of Particles (الحروف)

  • Role of particles: Convey meaning only in conjunction with other words.
  • Examples:
    • Shared (مشترك) [Mushtarak]: Used with both nouns and verbs (e.g., هل [Hal], بل [Bal]).
    • Noun-specific (مختص بالأسماء) [Mukhtass bil Asma’]: Only for nouns (e.g., من [Min], إلى [Ila]).
    • Verb-specific (مختص بالأفعال) [Mukhtass bil Af’al]: Only for verbs (e.g., لن [Lan], قد [Qad]).

Practical Applications and Exercises

  • Memorization: Importance of retaining examples and definitions.
  • Practice: Actively applying learned concepts in written and spoken Arabic.

Conclusion and Next Steps

  • Summary: Key points on definitions, examples, and rules.
  • Assignment: Memorize definitions and examples to solidify understanding.
  • Closing Du’a: Asking Allah for sincerity and steadfastness in seeking knowledge.

Part 3

The Science of Arabic Grammar (‘Ilm al-Nahw [علم النحو])

  • Definition of Nahw linguistically and technically.
  • Its subject matter, benefits, and ruling in Islam (Hukm al-Shari’i [حكم الشرعي]).

Historical Background of Nahw

  • Origins and foundational contributions by Abu al-Aswad al-Du’ali [أبو الأسود الدؤلي].
  • The role of Amir al-Mu’minin Ali ibn Abi Talib [علي بن أبي طالب] in establishing the science.

Core Elements of Arabic Speech (al-Kalam [الكلام])

  • Definition: al-Kalam is al-Lafdh al-Murakkab al-Mufid bi al-Wad‘ al-‘Arabi [اللفظ المركب المفيد بالوضع العربي].
  • Explanation of the four pillars:
    • Lafdh [اللفظ]: Sound and letters.
    • Murakkab [المركب]: Composed of two or more words.
    • Mufid [المفيد]: Conveying a complete and beneficial meaning.
    • Bi al-Wad‘ al-‘Arabi [بالوضع العربي]: In adherence to Arabic linguistic norms.

Examples and Application

  • Valid examples of al-Kalam.
  • Common errors and non-valid compositions.

Homework and Assignments

  • Memorization of the definition of al-Kalam.
  • Exercises in identifying valid and invalid examples of al-Kalam.
  • Listening assignment: Explanation of al-Ajrumiyyah [الأجرومية] by Sheikh Ibn Uthaymeen [شيخ ابن عثيمين].

Part 4

The Signs of the Verb (Alamat al-Fi’l – علامات الفعل)

  • Definition and importance of recognizing verb indicators.
  • The relationship between language intuition and grammatical rules.

Indicators of the Verb (Past, Present, and Future)

  • The Particle Qad (قد)
    • Its meanings: Tahqiq (تحقيق – emphasis) and Taqreeb (تقريب – approximation).
    • Examples from Qur’anic verses and practical application.
  • The Letters Sin (سين) and Sawfa (سوف)
    • Indicating the future tense (Istiqbal – استقبال).
    • Differentiation in proximity: Sin for near future and Sawfa for distant future.
  • The Feminine Ta’ Sakina (تاء التأنيث الساكنة)
    • Used with past tense verbs to indicate feminine doers (Fa’il – فاعل).
    • Rules for pronunciation adjustments due to two consecutive Sukuns.

Categories of Verb Indicators

  • Signs exclusive to past tense verbs.
  • Signs exclusive to present tense verbs.
  • Signs applicable to both.

Verb of Command (Fi’l al-Amr – فعل الأمر)

  • Identifying command verbs through context and grammatical indicators.
  • Acceptance of Ya al-Mukhataba (ياء المخاطبة) and Nun al-Tawkeed (نون التوكيد) as key features.
  • Practical examples: Qum (قم – stand), Uktub (اكتب – write), Undhur (انظر – look).

Practical Exercises (Tamreen – تمرين)

  • Homework review and application of key concepts.
  • Encouragement for consistent practice and patience in learning Arabic grammar.

Conclusion

  • Importance of revisiting foundational texts like Al-Ajrumiyyah multiple times to gain mastery.

Part 5

 

Definition of Speech (Al-Kalām – الكلام)

  • Components of speech: Al-Lafẓ (اللفظ), Al-Murakkab (المركب), Al-Mufīd (المفيد), Bil-Waḍʿ (بالوضع).
  • Categories of words: Ism (اسم), Fiʿl (فعل), and Ḥarf (حرف).

Review: Signs of the Noun (ʿAlāmāt al-Ism – علامات الاسم)

  • Key indicators: Khafḍ (خفض), Tanwīn (تنوين), Alif-Lām (ألف لام), and Ḥurūf al-Khafḍ (حروف الخفض).
  • Examples of prepositions and possessive forms.

Review: Signs of the Verb (ʿAlāmāt al-Fiʿl – علامات الفعل)

  • Common markers: Qad (قد), Sīn (سين), Sawfa (سوف), and Taʾ al-Tāʾnīth al-Sākinah (تاء التأنيث الساكنة).

Introduction to the Particle (Al-Ḥarf – الحرف)

  • Definition: Words that do not bear the signs of nouns or verbs.
  • Examples: Min (من), Hal (هل), Lam (لم).

Detailed Study of the Particle (Alamat al-Ḥarf – علامات الحرف)

  • Explanation of how particles differ from nouns and verbs.
  • Rules and practical examples to identify particles.

Introduction to ʿIʿrāb (الإعراب)

  • Definition: Taghyīr Awākhir al-Kalim (تغيير أواخر الكلم) – changing the endings of words.
  • The role of ʿAwāmil (عوامل) – external grammatical factors affecting word endings.

Explanation of the Three States of ʿIʿrāb

  • Rafʿ (رفع): The nominative state.
  • Naṣb (نصب): The accusative state.
  • Jarr (جر): The genitive state.

Practical Examples of ʿIʿrāb

  • Changes in word endings using Muhammad (محمد) in various sentences.
  • Explanation of sentence structures: Hadhara Muhammadun (حضَرَ محمدٌ), Raʾaytu Muhammadan (رأيتُ محمداً), and Bi Muhammadin (بِمحمدٍ).

Insights on the Purpose of Naḥw (النحو)

  • Importance of clarity (Bayān – بيان) in speech and its connection to the Qur’an.
  • Preserving the language of revelation to understand the Qur’an and Sunnah.

Linguistic and Theological Relevance of Arabic Grammar

  • Relationship between ʿIʿrāb and the correct understanding of Islamic rulings (Fiqh – فقه).
  • Encouragement to prioritize Fusḥā (فصحى) over dialects.

Part 6

Introduction and Review of Al-I‘rāb (الإعراب)
Overview of al-i‘rāb, its importance in understanding the structure and meaning of Arabic words, and its role in preserving the beauty and precision of the Arabic language.

  • Definition of al-I‘rāb: The change in the endings of words due to grammatical influences (الأوامِل).
  • Types of changes: Vocalized (لفظًا) and assumed (تقديرًا).

Meaning and Purpose of Al-I‘rāb (الإعراب)

  • How al-i‘rāb reflects the grammatical position of words (e.g., ism [اسم], fi‘l [فعل], mubtada’ [مبتدأ], and khabar [خبر]).
  • Connection to the correct pronunciation and avoidance of linguistic mistakes (اللحن).

Categories of Taghayyur (التغير)
Explanation of two types of changes in the endings of words:

  • Lafḍī (لفظي): Vocalized changes that are physically uttered, such as in “محمدٌ” (Muḥammadun).
  • Taqdīrī (تقديري): Assumed changes not pronounced due to grammatical or phonological constraints.

Examples of Lafḍī Changes (أمثلة على التغير اللفظي)

  • Instances where vowels at the end of words are explicitly pronounced based on their grammatical roles, e.g., “رأيت محمدًا” (ra’aytu Muḥammadan).

Taqdīrī Changes and Their Causes (التغير التقديري وأسبابه)
Analysis of why certain grammatical changes are not vocalized:

  • Ta‘adhdhur (تعذر): Inability to pronounce the change (e.g., nouns ending with alif maqsūrah [الألف المقصورة]).
  • Thiqal (ثقل): Heaviness or awkwardness in pronunciation (e.g., nouns ending with yā’ manqūṣ [الياء المنقوصة]).
  • Munāsabah (مناسبة): Phonological harmony, especially with yā’ al-mutakallim (ياء المتكلم).

Detailed Examples of Taqdīrī Cases (أمثلة تفصيلية للتغير التقديري)

  • Words with alif maqsūrah: Explanation of harakah being assumed due to ta‘adhdhur, e.g., “الفتى” (al-fatā).
  • Words with yā’ manqūṣ: Assumed dammah and kasrah due to thiqal, but fatha remains vocalized, e.g., “القاضي” (al-qāḍī).
  • Words attached to yā’ al-mutakallim: Assumed harakah due to munāsabah, e.g., “كتابي” (kitābī).

Principles of Al-I‘rāb Al-Taqdīrī (قواعد الإعراب التقديري)

  • When and why harakah is assumed instead of vocalized, supported by practical examples.
  • Memorization tips for identifying and applying rules of al-i‘rāb al-taqdīrī.

Introduction to Al-Binā’ (البناء)

  • Preliminary explanation of al-binā’, the opposite of al-i‘rāb, where the ending of a word remains constant regardless of its grammatical position.
  • Examples of mubni words, e.g., “من” (man), “كم” (kam), “هذا” (hādhā).

Conclusion and Practical Application (الخاتمة والتطبيق العملي)

  • Recap of key concepts: al-i‘rāb (lafḍī and taqdīrī) and their relevance to proper grammar.
  • Introduction to upcoming topics on al-binā’ and its relation to al-i‘rāb.
  • Encouragement to review and practice examples for mastery.
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